[PATCH 05/22] writing_usb_driver.rst: Enrich its ReST representation
Mauro Carvalho Chehab
mchehab at s-opensource.com
Wed Mar 29 11:54:04 PDT 2017
The pandoc conversion is not perfect. Do handwork in order to:
- add a title to this chapter;
- adjust function and struct references;
- use monospaced fonts for C code names;
- some other minor adjustments to make it better to read in
text mode and in html.
Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab at s-opensource.com>
---
.../driver-api/usb/writing_usb_driver.rst | 97 +++++++++-------------
1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/usb/writing_usb_driver.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/usb/writing_usb_driver.rst
index 48f2fdb4745b..180859f664db 100644
--- a/Documentation/driver-api/usb/writing_usb_driver.rst
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/usb/writing_usb_driver.rst
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+.. _writing-usb-driver:
+
+Writing USB drivers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
Introduction
============
@@ -42,10 +47,8 @@ The first thing a Linux USB driver needs to do is register itself with
the Linux USB subsystem, giving it some information about which devices
the driver supports and which functions to call when a device supported
by the driver is inserted or removed from the system. All of this
-information is passed to the USB subsystem in the usb\_driver structure.
-The skeleton driver declares a usb\_driver as:
-
-::
+information is passed to the USB subsystem in the :c:type:`usb_driver`
+structure. The skeleton driver declares a :c:type:`usb_driver` as::
static struct usb_driver skel_driver = {
.name = "skeleton",
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ The skeleton driver declares a usb\_driver as:
The variable name is a string that describes the driver. It is used in
informational messages printed to the system log. The probe and
disconnect function pointers are called when a device that matches the
-information provided in the id\_table variable is either seen or
+information provided in the ``id_table`` variable is either seen or
removed.
The fops and minor variables are optional. Most USB drivers hook into
@@ -70,15 +73,13 @@ subsystem, and any user-space interactions are provided through that
interface. But for drivers that do not have a matching kernel subsystem,
such as MP3 players or scanners, a method of interacting with user space
is needed. The USB subsystem provides a way to register a minor device
-number and a set of file\_operations function pointers that enable this
-user-space interaction. The skeleton driver needs this kind of
+number and a set of :c:type:`file_operations` function pointers that enable
+this user-space interaction. The skeleton driver needs this kind of
interface, so it provides a minor starting number and a pointer to its
-file\_operations functions.
+:c:type:`file_operations` functions.
-The USB driver is then registered with a call to usb\_register, usually
-in the driver's init function, as shown here:
-
-::
+The USB driver is then registered with a call to :c:func:`usb_register`,
+usually in the driver's init function, as shown here::
static int __init usb_skel_init(void)
{
@@ -98,10 +99,8 @@ in the driver's init function, as shown here:
When the driver is unloaded from the system, it needs to deregister
-itself with the USB subsystem. This is done with the usb\_deregister
-function:
-
-::
+itself with the USB subsystem. This is done with the :c:func:`usb_deregister`
+function::
static void __exit usb_skel_exit(void)
{
@@ -112,11 +111,9 @@ function:
To enable the linux-hotplug system to load the driver automatically when
-the device is plugged in, you need to create a MODULE\_DEVICE\_TABLE.
+the device is plugged in, you need to create a ``MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE``.
The following code tells the hotplug scripts that this module supports a
-single device with a specific vendor and product ID:
-
-::
+single device with a specific vendor and product ID::
/* table of devices that work with this driver */
static struct usb_device_id skel_table [] = {
@@ -126,19 +123,17 @@ single device with a specific vendor and product ID:
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE (usb, skel_table);
-There are other macros that can be used in describing a usb\_device\_id
-for drivers that support a whole class of USB drivers. See usb.h for
-more information on this.
+There are other macros that can be used in describing a struct
+:c:type:`usb_device_id` for drivers that support a whole class of USB
+drivers. See :ref:`usb.h <usb_header>` for more information on this.
Device operation
================
When a device is plugged into the USB bus that matches the device ID
pattern that your driver registered with the USB core, the probe
-function is called. The usb\_device structure, interface number and the
-interface ID are passed to the function:
-
-::
+function is called. The :c:type:`usb_device` structure, interface number and
+the interface ID are passed to the function::
static int skel_probe(struct usb_interface *interface,
const struct usb_device_id *id)
@@ -160,16 +155,14 @@ any private data that has been allocated at this time and to shut down
any pending urbs that are in the USB system.
Now that the device is plugged into the system and the driver is bound
-to the device, any of the functions in the file\_operations structure
+to the device, any of the functions in the :c:type:`file_operations` structure
that were passed to the USB subsystem will be called from a user program
trying to talk to the device. The first function called will be open, as
the program tries to open the device for I/O. We increment our private
usage count and save a pointer to our internal structure in the file
structure. This is done so that future calls to file operations will
enable the driver to determine which device the user is addressing. All
-of this is done with the following code:
-
-::
+of this is done with the following code::
/* increment our usage count for the module */
++skel->open_count;
@@ -179,16 +172,14 @@ of this is done with the following code:
After the open function is called, the read and write functions are
-called to receive and send data to the device. In the skel\_write
+called to receive and send data to the device. In the ``skel_write``
function, we receive a pointer to some data that the user wants to send
to the device and the size of the data. The function determines how much
data it can send to the device based on the size of the write urb it has
created (this size depends on the size of the bulk out end point that
the device has). Then it copies the data from user space to kernel
space, points the urb to the data and submits the urb to the USB
-subsystem. This can be seen in the following code:
-
-::
+subsystem. This can be seen in the following code::
/* we can only write as much as 1 urb will hold */
bytes_written = (count > skel->bulk_out_size) ? skel->bulk_out_size : count;
@@ -213,25 +204,23 @@ subsystem. This can be seen in the following code:
When the write urb is filled up with the proper information using the
-usb\_fill\_bulk\_urb function, we point the urb's completion callback to
-call our own skel\_write\_bulk\_callback function. This function is
+:c:func:`usb_fill_bulk_urb` function, we point the urb's completion callback
+to call our own ``skel_write_bulk_callback`` function. This function is
called when the urb is finished by the USB subsystem. The callback
function is called in interrupt context, so caution must be taken not to
do very much processing at that time. Our implementation of
-skel\_write\_bulk\_callback merely reports if the urb was completed
+``skel_write_bulk_callback`` merely reports if the urb was completed
successfully or not and then returns.
The read function works a bit differently from the write function in
that we do not use an urb to transfer data from the device to the
-driver. Instead we call the usb\_bulk\_msg function, which can be used
+driver. Instead we call the :c:func:`usb_bulk_msg` function, which can be used
to send or receive data from a device without having to create urbs and
-handle urb completion callback functions. We call the usb\_bulk\_msg
+handle urb completion callback functions. We call the :c:func:`usb_bulk_msg`
function, giving it a buffer into which to place any data received from
the device and a timeout value. If the timeout period expires without
receiving any data from the device, the function will fail and return an
-error message. This can be shown with the following code:
-
-::
+error message. This can be shown with the following code::
/* do an immediate bulk read to get data from the device */
retval = usb_bulk_msg (skel->dev,
@@ -249,17 +238,15 @@ error message. This can be shown with the following code:
}
-The usb\_bulk\_msg function can be very useful for doing single reads or
-writes to a device; however, if you need to read or write constantly to
+The :c:func:`usb_bulk_msg` function can be very useful for doing single reads
+or writes to a device; however, if you need to read or write constantly to
a device, it is recommended to set up your own urbs and submit them to
the USB subsystem.
When the user program releases the file handle that it has been using to
talk to the device, the release function in the driver is called. In
this function we decrement our private usage count and wait for possible
-pending writes:
-
-::
+pending writes::
/* decrement our usage count for the device */
--skel->open_count;
@@ -271,9 +258,7 @@ system at any point in time, even if a program is currently talking to
it. It needs to be able to shut down any current reads and writes and
notify the user-space programs that the device is no longer there. The
following code (function ``skel_delete``) is an example of how to do
-this:
-
-::
+this::
static inline void skel_delete (struct usb_skel *dev)
{
@@ -291,10 +276,10 @@ If a program currently has an open handle to the device, we reset the
flag ``device_present``. For every read, write, release and other
functions that expect a device to be present, the driver first checks
this flag to see if the device is still present. If not, it releases
-that the device has disappeared, and a -ENODEV error is returned to the
+that the device has disappeared, and a ``-ENODEV`` error is returned to the
user-space program. When the release function is eventually called, it
determines if there is no device and if not, it does the cleanup that
-the skel\_disconnect function normally does if there are no open files
+the ``skel_disconnect`` function normally does if there are no open files
on the device (see Listing 5).
Isochronous Data
@@ -321,13 +306,13 @@ Resources
=========
The Linux USB Project:
-`http://www.linux-usb.org/ <http://www.linux-usb.org>`__
+http://www.linux-usb.org/
Linux Hotplug Project:
-`http://linux-hotplug.sourceforge.net/ <http://linux-hotplug.sourceforge.net>`__
+http://linux-hotplug.sourceforge.net/
Linux USB Working Devices List:
-`http://www.qbik.ch/usb/devices/ <http://www.qbik.ch/usb/devices>`__
+http://www.qbik.ch/usb/devices/
linux-usb-devel Mailing List Archives:
http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-usb-devel
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