[PATCH v4 0/6] lib/base64: add generic encoder/decoder, migrate users

[David Laight]

On Mon, 3 Nov 2025 20:16:46 +0200
Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko at intel.com> wrote:

> On Mon, Nov 03, 2025 at 04:41:41PM +0200, Andy Shevchenko wrote:
> > On Mon, Nov 03, 2025 at 01:22:13PM +0000, David Laight wrote:  
> > > On Mon, 3 Nov 2025 19:07:24 +0800
> > > Kuan-Wei Chiu <visitorckw at gmail.com> wrote:  
> > > > On Mon, Nov 03, 2025 at 11:24:35AM +0100, Andy Shevchenko wrote:  
> > > > > On Fri, Oct 31, 2025 at 09:09:47PM -0700, Andrew Morton wrote:    
> > > > > > On Wed, 29 Oct 2025 18:17:25 +0800 Guan-Chun Wu <409411716 at gms.tku.edu.tw> wrote:  
> 
> ...
> 
> > > > > > Looks like wonderful work, thanks.  And it's good to gain a selftest
> > > > > > for this code.
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > This improves throughput by ~43-52x.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Well that isn't a thing we see every day.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > I agree with the judgement, the problem is that this broke drastically a build:
> > > > > 
> > > > > lib/base64.c:35:17: error: initializer overrides prior initialization of this subobject [-Werror,-Winitializer-overrides]
> > > > >    35 |         [BASE64_STD] = BASE64_REV_INIT('+', '/'),
> > > > >       |                        ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > > > lib/base64.c:26:11: note: expanded from macro 'BASE64_REV_INIT'
> > > > >    26 |         ['A'] =  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, \
> > > > >       |                  ^
> > > > > lib/base64.c:35:17: note: previous initialization is here
> > > > >    35 |         [BASE64_STD] = BASE64_REV_INIT('+', '/'),
> > > > >       |                        ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > > > lib/base64.c:25:16: note: expanded from macro 'BASE64_REV_INIT'
> > > > >    25 |         [0 ... 255] = -1, \
> > > > >       |                       ^~
> > > > > ...
> > > > > fatal error: too many errors emitted, stopping now [-ferror-limit=]
> > > > > 20 errors generated.
> > > > >     
> > > > Since I didn't notice this build failure, I guess this happens during a
> > > > W=1 build? Sorry for that. Maybe I should add W=1 compilation testing
> > > > to my checklist before sending patches in the future. I also got an
> > > > email from the kernel test robot with a duplicate initialization
> > > > warning from the sparse tool [1], pointing to the same code.
> > > > 
> > > > This implementation was based on David's previous suggestion [2] to
> > > > first default all entries to -1 and then set the values for the 64
> > > > character entries. This was to avoid expanding the large 256 * 3 table
> > > > and improve code readability.
> > > > 
> > > > Since I believe many people test and care about W=1 builds,  
> > > 
> > > Last time I tried a W=1 build it failed horribly because of 'type-limits'.
> > > The kernel does that all the time - usually for its own error tests inside
> > > #define and inline functions.
> > > Certainly some of the changes I've seen to stop W=1 warnings are really
> > > a bad idea - but that is a bit of a digression.
> > > 
> > > Warnings can be temporarily disabled using #pragma.
> > > That might be the best thing to do here with this over-zealous warning.
> > > 
> > > This compiles on gcc and clang (even though the warnings have different names):
> > > #pragma GCC diagnostic push
> > > #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Woverride-init"
> > > int x[16] = { [0 ... 15] = -1, [5] = 5};
> > > #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
> > >   
> > > > I think we need to find another way to avoid this warning?
> > > > Perhaps we could consider what you suggested:
> > > > 
> > > > #define BASE64_REV_INIT(val_plus, val_comma, val_minus, val_slash, val_under) { \
> > > > 	[ 0 ... '+'-1 ] = -1, \
> > > > 	[ '+' ] = val_plus, val_comma, val_minus, -1, val_slash, \
> > > > 	[ '0' ] = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, \
> > > > 	[ '9'+1 ... 'A'-1 ] = -1, \
> > > > 	[ 'A' ] = 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, \
> > > > 		  23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, \
> > > > 	[ 'Z'+1 ... '_'-1 ] = -1, \
> > > > 	[ '_' ] = val_under, \
> > > > 	[ '_'+1 ... 'a'-1 ] = -1, \
> > > > 	[ 'a' ] = 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, \
> > > > 		  49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, \
> > > > 	[ 'z'+1 ... 255 ] = -1 \
> > > > }  
> > > 
> > > I just checked, neither gcc nor clang allow empty ranges (eg [ 6 ... 5 ] = -1).
> > > Which means the coder has to know which characters are adjacent as well
> > > as getting the order right.
> > > Basically avoiding the warning sucks.
> > >   
> > > > Or should we just expand the 256 * 3 table as it was before?  
> > > 
> > > That has much the same issue - IIRC it relies on three big sequential lists.
> > > 
> > > The #pragma may be best - but doesn't solve sparse (unless it processes
> > > them as well).  
> > 
> > Pragma will be hated.

They have been used in a few other places.
and to disable more 'useful' warnings.

> > I believe there is a better way to do what you want. Let me cook a PoC.  
> 
> I tried locally several approaches and the best I can come up with is the pre-generated
> (via Python script) pieces of C code that we can copy'n'paste instead of that shortened
> form. So basically having a full 256 tables in the code is my suggestion to fix the build
> issue. Alternatively we can generate that at run-time (on the first run) in
> the similar way how prime_numbers.c does. The downside of such an approach is loosing
> the const specifier, which I consider kinda important.
> 
> Btw, in the future here might be also the side-channel attack concerns appear, which would
> require to reconsider the whole algo to get it constant-time execution.

The array lookup version is 'reasonably' time constant.
One option is to offset all the array entries by 1 and subtract 1 after reading the entry.
That means that the 'error' characters have zero in the array (not -1).
At least the compiler won't error that!
The extra 'subtract 1' is probably just measurable.

But I'd consider raising a bug on gcc :-)
One of the uses of ranged designated initialisers for arrays is to change the
default value - as been done here.
It shouldn't cause a warning.

	David

> 
> > > > [1]: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202511021343.107utehN-lkp@intel.com/
> > > > [2]: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250928195736.71bec9ae@pumpkin/  
>