[PATCH 8/9] nvmet-tcp: support secure channel concatenation

Hannes Reinecke hare at suse.de
Mon Oct 21 00:29:59 PDT 2024


On 10/20/24 23:13, Sagi Grimberg wrote:
> 
> 
> 
> On 18/10/2024 9:33, Hannes Reinecke wrote:
>> Evaluate the SC_C flag during DH-CHAP-HMAC negotiation and insert
>> the generated PSK once negotiation has finished.
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare at kernel.org>
>> ---
>>   drivers/nvme/target/auth.c             | 72 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
>>   drivers/nvme/target/fabrics-cmd-auth.c | 49 +++++++++++++++---
>>   drivers/nvme/target/fabrics-cmd.c      | 33 +++++++++---
>>   drivers/nvme/target/nvmet.h            | 38 +++++++++++---
>>   drivers/nvme/target/tcp.c              | 23 +++++++-
>>   5 files changed, 192 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)
>>
>> diff --git a/drivers/nvme/target/auth.c b/drivers/nvme/target/auth.c
>> index 7897d02c681d..7470ac020db6 100644
>> --- a/drivers/nvme/target/auth.c
>> +++ b/drivers/nvme/target/auth.c
>> @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
>>   #include <linux/ctype.h>
>>   #include <linux/random.h>
>>   #include <linux/nvme-auth.h>
>> +#include <linux/nvme-keyring.h>
>>   #include <asm/unaligned.h>
>>   #include "nvmet.h"
>> @@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ int nvmet_setup_dhgroup(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl, 
>> u8 dhgroup_id)
>>       return ret;
>>   }
>> -u8 nvmet_setup_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl)
>> +u8 nvmet_setup_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl, struct nvmet_req *req)
>>   {
>>       int ret = 0;
>>       struct nvmet_host_link *p;
>> @@ -164,6 +165,11 @@ u8 nvmet_setup_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl)
>>           goto out_unlock;
>>       }
>> +    if (nvmet_queue_tls_keyid(req->sq)) {
>> +        pr_debug("host %s tls enabled\n", ctrl->hostnqn);
>> +        goto out_unlock;
>> +    }
>> +
>>       ret = nvmet_setup_dhgroup(ctrl, host->dhchap_dhgroup_id);
>>       if (ret < 0) {
>>           pr_warn("Failed to setup DH group");
>> @@ -232,6 +238,9 @@ u8 nvmet_setup_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl)
>>   void nvmet_auth_sq_free(struct nvmet_sq *sq)
>>   {
>>       cancel_delayed_work(&sq->auth_expired_work);
>> +#ifdef CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_TCP_TLS
>> +    sq->tls_key = 0;
>> +#endif
>>       kfree(sq->dhchap_c1);
>>       sq->dhchap_c1 = NULL;
>>       kfree(sq->dhchap_c2);
>> @@ -260,6 +269,12 @@ void nvmet_destroy_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl)
>>           nvme_auth_free_key(ctrl->ctrl_key);
>>           ctrl->ctrl_key = NULL;
>>       }
>> +#ifdef CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_TCP_TLS
>> +    if (ctrl->tls_key) {
>> +        key_put(ctrl->tls_key);
>> +        ctrl->tls_key = NULL;
>> +    }
>> +#endif
>>   }
>>   bool nvmet_check_auth_status(struct nvmet_req *req)
>> @@ -541,3 +556,58 @@ int nvmet_auth_ctrl_sesskey(struct nvmet_req *req,
>>       return ret;
>>   }
>> +
>> +void nvmet_auth_insert_psk(struct nvmet_sq *sq)
>> +{
>> +    int hash_len = nvme_auth_hmac_hash_len(sq->ctrl->shash_id);
>> +    u8 *psk, *digest, *tls_psk;
>> +    size_t psk_len;
>> +    int ret;
>> +#ifdef CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_TCP_TLS
>> +    struct key *tls_key = NULL;
>> +#endif
>> +
>> +    ret = nvme_auth_generate_psk(sq->ctrl->shash_id,
>> +                     sq->dhchap_skey,
>> +                     sq->dhchap_skey_len,
>> +                     sq->dhchap_c1, sq->dhchap_c2,
>> +                     hash_len, &psk, &psk_len);
>> +    if (ret) {
>> +        pr_warn("%s: ctrl %d qid %d failed to generate PSK, error %d\n",
>> +            __func__, sq->ctrl->cntlid, sq->qid, ret);
>> +        return;
>> +    }
>> +    ret = nvme_auth_generate_digest(sq->ctrl->shash_id, psk, psk_len,
>> +                    sq->ctrl->subsysnqn,
>> +                    sq->ctrl->hostnqn, &digest);
>> +    if (ret) {
>> +        pr_warn("%s: ctrl %d qid %d failed to generate digest, error 
>> %d\n",
>> +            __func__, sq->ctrl->cntlid, sq->qid, ret);
>> +        goto out_free_psk;
>> +    }
>> +    ret = nvme_auth_derive_tls_psk(sq->ctrl->shash_id, psk, psk_len,
>> +                       digest, &tls_psk);
>> +    if (ret) {
>> +        pr_warn("%s: ctrl %d qid %d failed to derive TLS PSK, error 
>> %d\n",
>> +            __func__, sq->ctrl->cntlid, sq->qid, ret);
>> +        goto out_free_digest;
>> +    }
>> +#ifdef CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_TCP_TLS
>> +    tls_key = nvme_tls_psk_refresh(NULL, sq->ctrl->hostnqn, sq->ctrl- 
>> >subsysnqn,
>> +                       sq->ctrl->shash_id, tls_psk, psk_len, digest);
>> +    if (IS_ERR(tls_key)) {
>> +        pr_warn("%s: ctrl %d qid %d failed to refresh key, error %ld\n",
>> +            __func__, sq->ctrl->cntlid, sq->qid, PTR_ERR(tls_key));
>> +        tls_key = NULL;
>> +        kfree_sensitive(tls_psk);
>> +    }
>> +    if (sq->ctrl->tls_key)
>> +        key_put(sq->ctrl->tls_key);
>> +    sq->ctrl->tls_key = tls_key;
>> +#endif
>> +
>> +out_free_digest:
>> +    kfree_sensitive(digest);
>> +out_free_psk:
>> +    kfree_sensitive(psk);
>> +}
>> diff --git a/drivers/nvme/target/fabrics-cmd-auth.c b/drivers/nvme/ 
>> target/fabrics-cmd-auth.c
>> index 3f2857c17d95..cf4b38c0e7bd 100644
>> --- a/drivers/nvme/target/fabrics-cmd-auth.c
>> +++ b/drivers/nvme/target/fabrics-cmd-auth.c
>> @@ -43,8 +43,26 @@ static u8 nvmet_auth_negotiate(struct nvmet_req 
>> *req, void *d)
>>            data->auth_protocol[0].dhchap.halen,
>>            data->auth_protocol[0].dhchap.dhlen);
>>       req->sq->dhchap_tid = le16_to_cpu(data->t_id);
>> -    if (data->sc_c)
>> -        return NVME_AUTH_DHCHAP_FAILURE_CONCAT_MISMATCH;
>> +    if (data->sc_c != NVME_AUTH_SECP_NOSC) {
>> +        if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_TCP_TLS))
>> +            return NVME_AUTH_DHCHAP_FAILURE_CONCAT_MISMATCH;
>> +        /* Secure concatenation can only be enabled on the admin 
>> queue */
>> +        if (req->sq->qid)
>> +            return NVME_AUTH_DHCHAP_FAILURE_CONCAT_MISMATCH;
>> +        switch (data->sc_c) {
>> +        case NVME_AUTH_SECP_NEWTLSPSK:
>> +            if (nvmet_queue_tls_keyid(req->sq))
>> +                return NVME_AUTH_DHCHAP_FAILURE_CONCAT_MISMATCH;
>> +            break;
> 
> fallthru instead?
> 
Yeah, will do.

>> +        case NVME_AUTH_SECP_REPLACETLSPSK:
>> +            if (!nvmet_queue_tls_keyid(req->sq))
>> +                return NVME_AUTH_DHCHAP_FAILURE_CONCAT_MISMATCH;
>> +            break;
>> +        default:
>> +            return NVME_AUTH_DHCHAP_FAILURE_CONCAT_MISMATCH;
>> +        }
>> +        ctrl->concat = true;
>> +    }
>>       if (data->napd != 1)
>>           return NVME_AUTH_DHCHAP_FAILURE_HASH_UNUSABLE;
>> @@ -103,6 +121,13 @@ static u8 nvmet_auth_negotiate(struct nvmet_req 
>> *req, void *d)
>>                nvme_auth_dhgroup_name(fallback_dhgid));
>>           ctrl->dh_gid = fallback_dhgid;
>>       }
>> +    if (ctrl->dh_gid == NVME_AUTH_DHGROUP_NULL &&
>> +        ctrl->concat) {
>> +        pr_debug("%s: ctrl %d qid %d: NULL DH group invalid "
>> +             "for secure channel concatenation\n", __func__,
>> +             ctrl->cntlid, req->sq->qid);
>> +        return NVME_AUTH_DHCHAP_FAILURE_CONCAT_MISMATCH;
>> +    }
>>       pr_debug("%s: ctrl %d qid %d: selected DH group %s (%d)\n",
>>            __func__, ctrl->cntlid, req->sq->qid,
>>            nvme_auth_dhgroup_name(ctrl->dh_gid), ctrl->dh_gid);
>> @@ -154,6 +179,12 @@ static u8 nvmet_auth_reply(struct nvmet_req *req, 
>> void *d)
>>       kfree(response);
>>       pr_debug("%s: ctrl %d qid %d host authenticated\n",
>>            __func__, ctrl->cntlid, req->sq->qid);
>> +    if (!data->cvalid && ctrl->concat) {
>> +        pr_debug("%s: ctrl %d qid %d invalid challenge\n",
>> +             __func__, ctrl->cntlid, req->sq->qid);
>> +        return NVME_AUTH_DHCHAP_FAILURE_FAILED;
>> +    }
>> +    req->sq->dhchap_s2 = le32_to_cpu(data->seqnum);
>>       if (data->cvalid) {
>>           req->sq->dhchap_c2 = kmemdup(data->rval + data->hl, data->hl,
>>                            GFP_KERNEL);
>> @@ -163,11 +194,15 @@ static u8 nvmet_auth_reply(struct nvmet_req 
>> *req, void *d)
>>           pr_debug("%s: ctrl %d qid %d challenge %*ph\n",
>>                __func__, ctrl->cntlid, req->sq->qid, data->hl,
>>                req->sq->dhchap_c2);
>> -    } else {
>> +    }
>> +    if (req->sq->dhchap_s2 == 0) {
>> +        if (ctrl->concat)
>> +            nvmet_auth_insert_psk(req->sq);
>>           req->sq->authenticated = true;
>> +        kfree(req->sq->dhchap_c2);
>>           req->sq->dhchap_c2 = NULL;
>> -    }
>> -    req->sq->dhchap_s2 = le32_to_cpu(data->seqnum);
>> +    } else if (!data->cvalid)
>> +        req->sq->authenticated = true;
>>       return 0;
>>   }
>> @@ -241,7 +276,7 @@ void nvmet_execute_auth_send(struct nvmet_req *req)
>>               pr_debug("%s: ctrl %d qid %d reset negotiation\n",
>>                    __func__, ctrl->cntlid, req->sq->qid);
>>               if (!req->sq->qid) {
>> -                dhchap_status = nvmet_setup_auth(ctrl);
>> +                dhchap_status = nvmet_setup_auth(ctrl, req);
>>                   if (dhchap_status) {
>>                       pr_err("ctrl %d qid 0 failed to setup re- 
>> authentication\n",
>>                              ctrl->cntlid);
>> @@ -298,6 +333,8 @@ void nvmet_execute_auth_send(struct nvmet_req *req)
>>           }
>>           goto done_kfree;
>>       case NVME_AUTH_DHCHAP_MESSAGE_SUCCESS2:
>> +        if (ctrl->concat)
>> +            nvmet_auth_insert_psk(req->sq);
>>           req->sq->authenticated = true;
>>           pr_debug("%s: ctrl %d qid %d ctrl authenticated\n",
>>                __func__, ctrl->cntlid, req->sq->qid);
>> diff --git a/drivers/nvme/target/fabrics-cmd.c b/drivers/nvme/target/ 
>> fabrics-cmd.c
>> index c4b2eddd5666..9a1256deee51 100644
>> --- a/drivers/nvme/target/fabrics-cmd.c
>> +++ b/drivers/nvme/target/fabrics-cmd.c
>> @@ -199,10 +199,26 @@ static u16 nvmet_install_queue(struct nvmet_ctrl 
>> *ctrl, struct nvmet_req *req)
>>       return ret;
>>   }
>> -static u32 nvmet_connect_result(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl)
>> +static u32 nvmet_connect_result(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl, struct 
>> nvmet_req *req)
>>   {
>> +    bool needs_auth = nvmet_has_auth(ctrl, req);
>> +    key_serial_t keyid = nvmet_queue_tls_keyid(req->sq);
>> +
>> +    /* Do not authenticate I/O queues for secure concatenation */
>> +    if (ctrl->concat && req->sq->qid)
>> +        needs_auth = false;
>> +
>> +    if (keyid)
>> +        pr_debug("%s: ctrl %d qid %d should %sauthenticate, tls psk 
>> %08x\n",
>> +             __func__, ctrl->cntlid, req->sq->qid,
>> +             needs_auth ? "" : "not ", keyid);
>> +    else
>> +        pr_debug("%s: ctrl %d qid %d should %sauthenticate%s\n",
>> +             __func__, ctrl->cntlid, req->sq->qid,
>> +             needs_auth ? "" : "not ",
>> +             ctrl->concat ? ", secure concatenation" : "");
>>       return (u32)ctrl->cntlid |
>> -        (nvmet_has_auth(ctrl) ? NVME_CONNECT_AUTHREQ_ATR : 0);
>> +        (needs_auth ? NVME_CONNECT_AUTHREQ_ATR : 0);
>>   }
>>   static void nvmet_execute_admin_connect(struct nvmet_req *req)
>> @@ -251,7 +267,7 @@ static void nvmet_execute_admin_connect(struct 
>> nvmet_req *req)
>>       uuid_copy(&ctrl->hostid, &d->hostid);
>> -    dhchap_status = nvmet_setup_auth(ctrl);
>> +    dhchap_status = nvmet_setup_auth(ctrl, req);
>>       if (dhchap_status) {
>>           pr_err("Failed to setup authentication, dhchap status %u\n",
>>                  dhchap_status);
>> @@ -269,12 +285,13 @@ static void nvmet_execute_admin_connect(struct 
>> nvmet_req *req)
>>           goto out;
>>       }
>> -    pr_info("creating %s controller %d for subsystem %s for NQN 
>> %s%s%s.\n",
>> +    pr_info("creating %s controller %d for subsystem %s for NQN 
>> %s%s%s%s.\n",
>>           nvmet_is_disc_subsys(ctrl->subsys) ? "discovery" : "nvm",
>>           ctrl->cntlid, ctrl->subsys->subsysnqn, ctrl->hostnqn,
>> -        ctrl->pi_support ? " T10-PI is enabled" : "",
>> -        nvmet_has_auth(ctrl) ? " with DH-HMAC-CHAP" : "");
>> -    req->cqe->result.u32 = cpu_to_le32(nvmet_connect_result(ctrl));
>> +        ctrl->pi_support ? ", T10-PI" : "",
>> +        nvmet_has_auth(ctrl, req) ? ", DH-HMAC-CHAP" : "",
>> +        nvmet_queue_tls_keyid(req->sq) ? ", TLS" : "");
>> +    req->cqe->result.u32 = cpu_to_le32(nvmet_connect_result(ctrl, req));
>>   out:
>>       kfree(d);
>>   complete:
>> @@ -330,7 +347,7 @@ static void nvmet_execute_io_connect(struct 
>> nvmet_req *req)
>>           goto out_ctrl_put;
>>       pr_debug("adding queue %d to ctrl %d.\n", qid, ctrl->cntlid);
>> -    req->cqe->result.u32 = cpu_to_le32(nvmet_connect_result(ctrl));
>> +    req->cqe->result.u32 = cpu_to_le32(nvmet_connect_result(ctrl, req));
>>   out:
>>       kfree(d);
>>   complete:
>> diff --git a/drivers/nvme/target/nvmet.h b/drivers/nvme/target/nvmet.h
>> index 190f55e6d753..c2e17201c757 100644
>> --- a/drivers/nvme/target/nvmet.h
>> +++ b/drivers/nvme/target/nvmet.h
>> @@ -121,6 +121,9 @@ struct nvmet_sq {
>>       u32            dhchap_s2;
>>       u8            *dhchap_skey;
>>       int            dhchap_skey_len;
>> +#endif
>> +#ifdef CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_TCP_TLS
>> +    struct key        *tls_key;
>>   #endif
>>       struct completion    free_done;
>>       struct completion    confirm_done;
>> @@ -237,6 +240,7 @@ struct nvmet_ctrl {
>>       u64            err_counter;
>>       struct nvme_error_slot    slots[NVMET_ERROR_LOG_SLOTS];
>>       bool            pi_support;
>> +    bool            concat;
>>   #ifdef CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_AUTH
>>       struct nvme_dhchap_key    *host_key;
>>       struct nvme_dhchap_key    *ctrl_key;
>> @@ -246,6 +250,9 @@ struct nvmet_ctrl {
>>       u8            *dh_key;
>>       size_t            dh_keysize;
>>   #endif
>> +#ifdef CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_TCP_TLS
>> +    struct key        *tls_key;
>> +#endif
>>   };
>>   struct nvmet_subsys {
>> @@ -716,13 +723,29 @@ static inline void nvmet_req_bio_put(struct 
>> nvmet_req *req, struct bio *bio)
>>           bio_put(bio);
>>   }
>> +#ifdef CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_TCP_TLS
>> +static inline key_serial_t nvmet_queue_tls_keyid(struct nvmet_sq *sq)
>> +{
>> +    return sq->tls_key ? key_serial(sq->tls_key) : 0;
>> +}
>> +static inline void nvmet_sq_put_tls_key(struct nvmet_sq *sq)
>> +{
>> +    if (sq->tls_key) {
>> +        key_put(sq->tls_key);
>> +        sq->tls_key = NULL;
>> +    }
>> +}
>> +#else
>> +static inline key_serial_t nvmet_queue_tls_keyid(struct nvmet_sq *sq) 
>> { return 0; }
>> +static inline void nvmet_sq_put_tls_key(struct nvmet_sq *sq) {}
>> +#endif
>>   #ifdef CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_AUTH
>>   void nvmet_execute_auth_send(struct nvmet_req *req);
>>   void nvmet_execute_auth_receive(struct nvmet_req *req);
>>   int nvmet_auth_set_key(struct nvmet_host *host, const char *secret,
>>                  bool set_ctrl);
>>   int nvmet_auth_set_host_hash(struct nvmet_host *host, const char 
>> *hash);
>> -u8 nvmet_setup_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl);
>> +u8 nvmet_setup_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl, struct nvmet_req *req);
>>   void nvmet_auth_sq_init(struct nvmet_sq *sq);
>>   void nvmet_destroy_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl);
>>   void nvmet_auth_sq_free(struct nvmet_sq *sq);
>> @@ -732,16 +755,18 @@ int nvmet_auth_host_hash(struct nvmet_req *req, 
>> u8 *response,
>>                unsigned int hash_len);
>>   int nvmet_auth_ctrl_hash(struct nvmet_req *req, u8 *response,
>>                unsigned int hash_len);
>> -static inline bool nvmet_has_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl)
>> +static inline bool nvmet_has_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl, struct 
>> nvmet_req *req)
>>   {
>> -    return ctrl->host_key != NULL;
>> +    return ctrl->host_key != NULL && !nvmet_queue_tls_keyid(req->sq);
>>   }
>>   int nvmet_auth_ctrl_exponential(struct nvmet_req *req,
>>                   u8 *buf, int buf_size);
>>   int nvmet_auth_ctrl_sesskey(struct nvmet_req *req,
>>                   u8 *buf, int buf_size);
>> +void nvmet_auth_insert_psk(struct nvmet_sq *sq);
>>   #else
>> -static inline u8 nvmet_setup_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl)
>> +static inline u8 nvmet_setup_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl,
>> +                  struct nvmet_req *req)
>>   {
>>       return 0;
>>   }
>> @@ -754,11 +779,12 @@ static inline bool 
>> nvmet_check_auth_status(struct nvmet_req *req)
>>   {
>>       return true;
>>   }
>> -static inline bool nvmet_has_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl)
>> +static inline bool nvmet_has_auth(struct nvmet_ctrl *ctrl,
>> +                  struct nvmet_req *req)
>>   {
>>       return false;
>>   }
>>   static inline const char *nvmet_dhchap_dhgroup_name(u8 dhgid) 
>> { return NULL; }
>> +static inline void nvmet_auth_insert_psk(struct nvmet_sq *sq) {};
>>   #endif
>> -
>>   #endif /* _NVMET_H */
>> diff --git a/drivers/nvme/target/tcp.c b/drivers/nvme/target/tcp.c
>> index 7c51c2a8c109..671600b5c64b 100644
>> --- a/drivers/nvme/target/tcp.c
>> +++ b/drivers/nvme/target/tcp.c
>> @@ -1073,10 +1073,11 @@ static int nvmet_tcp_done_recv_pdu(struct 
>> nvmet_tcp_queue *queue)
>>       if (unlikely(!nvmet_req_init(req, &queue->nvme_cq,
>>               &queue->nvme_sq, &nvmet_tcp_ops))) {
>> -        pr_err("failed cmd %p id %d opcode %d, data_len: %d\n",
>> +        pr_err("failed cmd %p id %d opcode %d, data_len: %d, status: 
>> %04x\n",
>>               req->cmd, req->cmd->common.command_id,
>>               req->cmd->common.opcode,
>> -            le32_to_cpu(req->cmd->common.dptr.sgl.length));
>> +               le32_to_cpu(req->cmd->common.dptr.sgl.length),
>> +               le16_to_cpu(req->cqe->status));
>>           nvmet_tcp_handle_req_failure(queue, queue->cmd, req);
>>           return 0;
>> @@ -1602,6 +1603,7 @@ static void nvmet_tcp_release_queue_work(struct 
>> work_struct *w)
>>       /* stop accepting incoming data */
>>       queue->rcv_state = NVMET_TCP_RECV_ERR;
>> +    nvmet_sq_put_tls_key(&queue->nvme_sq);
>>       nvmet_tcp_uninit_data_in_cmds(queue);
>>       nvmet_sq_destroy(&queue->nvme_sq);
>>       cancel_work_sync(&queue->io_work);
>> @@ -1807,6 +1809,23 @@ static void nvmet_tcp_tls_handshake_done(void 
>> *data, int status,
>>       spin_unlock_bh(&queue->state_lock);
>>       cancel_delayed_work_sync(&queue->tls_handshake_tmo_work);
>> +
>> +    if (!status) {
>> +        struct key *tls_key = nvme_tls_key_lookup(peerid);
>> +
>> +        if (IS_ERR(tls_key)) {
> 
> It is not clear to me how this can happen. Can you explain?
> 
Passing key information between kernel and handshake daemon is
done purely by key IDs (not the keys itself).
So we will be getting a key ID back from the handshaked daemon,
and we need to validate that; the user (or admin software) could
have invalidated the key while the handshake was running, or before
we had a chance to process the reply from the handshake daemon.

> Other than that, patch looks good.

Cheers,

Hannes
-- 
Dr. Hannes Reinecke                  Kernel Storage Architect
hare at suse.de                                +49 911 74053 688
SUSE Software Solutions GmbH, Frankenstr. 146, 90461 Nürnberg
HRB 36809 (AG Nürnberg), GF: I. Totev, A. McDonald, W. Knoblich



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