[PATCH bpf-next 2/4] arm64: ftrace: Support long jump for ftrace direct call
Xu Kuohai
xukuohai at huaweicloud.com
Mon Sep 12 23:31:44 PDT 2022
From: Xu Kuohai <xukuohai at huawei.com>
Add long jump support to fentry, so dynamically allocated trampolines
like bpf trampoline can be called from fentry directly, as these
trampoline addresses may be out of the range that a single bl
instruction can jump to.
The scheme used here is basically the same as commit b2ad54e1533e
("bpf, arm64: Implement bpf_arch_text_poke() for arm64").
1. At compile time, we use -fpatchable-function-entry=7,5 to insert 5
NOPs before function entry and 2 NOPs after function entry:
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
func:
BTI C // if BTI
NOP
NOP
The reason for inserting 5 NOPs before the function entry is that
2 NOPs are patched to LDR and BR instructions, 2 NOPs are used to
store the destination jump address, and 1 NOP is used to adjust
alignment to ensure the destination jump address is stored in 8-byte
aligned memory, which is required by atomic store and load.
2. When there is no trampoline attached, the callsite is patched to:
NOP // extra NOP if func is 8-byte aligned
literal:
.quad ftrace_dummy_tramp
NOP // extra NOP if func is NOT 8-byte aligned
literal_call:
LDR X16, literal
BR X16
func:
BTI C // if BTI
MOV X9, LR
NOP
3. When long jump trampoline is attached, the callsite is patched to:
NOP // extra NOP if func is 8-byte aligned
literal:
.quad <long-jump-trampoline>
NOP // extra NOP if func is NOT 8-byte aligned
literal_call:
LDR X16, literal
BR X16
func:
BTI C // if BTI
MOV X9, LR
BL literal_call
4. When short jump trampoline is attached, the callsite is patched to:
NOP // extra NOP if func is 8-byte aligned
literal:
.quad ftrace_dummy_tramp
NOP // extra NOP if func is NOT 8-byte aligned
literal_call:
LDR X16, literal
BR X16
func:
BTI C // if BTI
MOV X9, LR
BL <short-jump-trampoline>
Note that there is always a valid jump address in literal, either custom
trampoline address or the dummy trampoline address, which ensures
that we'll never jump from callsite to an unknown place.
Also note that the callsite is only ensured to be patched atomically and
securely. Whether the custom trampoline can be freed should be checked
by the trampoline user. For example, bpf uses refcnt and task based rcu
to ensure bpf trampoline could be freed safely.
In my environment, before this patch, there are 2 NOPs inserted in function
entry, and the generated vmlinux size is 463,649,280 bytes, while after
this patch, the vmlinux size is 465,069,368 bytes, increased 1,420,088
bytes, about 0.3%. In vmlinux, there are 14,376 8-byte aligned functions
and 41,847 unaligned functions. For each aligned function, one of the
five NOPs before the function entry is unnecessary, wasting 57,504 bytes.
Signed-off-by: Xu Kuohai <xukuohai at huawei.com>
---
arch/arm64/Makefile | 4 +
arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h | 27 ++--
arch/arm64/include/asm/patching.h | 2 +
arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S | 21 +++-
arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c | 198 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
arch/arm64/kernel/patching.c | 14 +++
arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c | 4 +
kernel/trace/ftrace.c | 10 +-
8 files changed, 252 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/arm64/Makefile b/arch/arm64/Makefile
index 6d9d4a58b898..e540b50db5b8 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/Makefile
+++ b/arch/arm64/Makefile
@@ -130,7 +130,11 @@ CHECKFLAGS += -D__aarch64__
ifeq ($(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS),y)
KBUILD_CPPFLAGS += -DCC_USING_PATCHABLE_FUNCTION_ENTRY
+ ifeq ($(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS),y)
+ CC_FLAGS_FTRACE := -fpatchable-function-entry=7,5
+ else
CC_FLAGS_FTRACE := -fpatchable-function-entry=2
+ endif
endif
# Default value
diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h
index dbc45a4157fa..40e63435965b 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h
@@ -56,27 +56,16 @@ extern void _mcount(unsigned long);
extern void *return_address(unsigned int);
struct dyn_arch_ftrace {
- /* No extra data needed for arm64 */
+#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS
+ unsigned long func; /* start address of function */
+#endif
};
extern unsigned long ftrace_graph_call;
extern void return_to_handler(void);
-static inline unsigned long ftrace_call_adjust(unsigned long addr)
-{
- /*
- * Adjust addr to point at the BL in the callsite.
- * See ftrace_init_nop() for the callsite sequence.
- */
- if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS))
- return addr + AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
- /*
- * addr is the address of the mcount call instruction.
- * recordmcount does the necessary offset calculation.
- */
- return addr;
-}
+unsigned long ftrace_call_adjust(unsigned long addr);
#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
struct dyn_ftrace;
@@ -121,6 +110,14 @@ static inline bool arch_syscall_match_sym_name(const char *sym,
*/
return !strcmp(sym + 8, name);
}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS
+
+#define ftrace_dummy_tramp ftrace_dummy_tramp
+extern void ftrace_dummy_tramp(void);
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS */
+
#endif /* ifndef __ASSEMBLY__ */
#endif /* __ASM_FTRACE_H */
diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/patching.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/patching.h
index 6bf5adc56295..b9077205e6b2 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/patching.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/patching.h
@@ -10,4 +10,6 @@ int aarch64_insn_write(void *addr, u32 insn);
int aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync(void *addr, u32 insn);
int aarch64_insn_patch_text(void *addrs[], u32 insns[], int cnt);
+void aarch64_literal64_write(void *addr, u64 data);
+
#endif /* __ASM_PATCHING_H */
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S b/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S
index bd5df50e4643..0bebe3ffdb58 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S
@@ -14,14 +14,16 @@
#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
/*
- * Due to -fpatchable-function-entry=2, the compiler has placed two NOPs before
- * the regular function prologue. For an enabled callsite, ftrace_init_nop() and
- * ftrace_make_call() have patched those NOPs to:
+ * Due to -fpatchable-function-entry=2 or -fpatchable-function-entry=7,5, the
+ * compiler has placed two NOPs before the regular function prologue. For an
+ * enabled callsite, ftrace_init_nop() and ftrace_make_call() have patched those
+ * NOPs to:
*
* MOV X9, LR
* BL <entry>
*
- * ... where <entry> is either ftrace_caller or ftrace_regs_caller.
+ * ... where <entry> is ftrace_caller or ftrace_regs_caller or custom
+ * trampoline.
*
* Each instrumented function follows the AAPCS, so here x0-x8 and x18-x30 are
* live (x18 holds the Shadow Call Stack pointer), and x9-x17 are safe to
@@ -327,3 +329,14 @@ SYM_CODE_START(return_to_handler)
ret
SYM_CODE_END(return_to_handler)
#endif /* CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS
+SYM_FUNC_START(ftrace_dummy_tramp)
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ARM64_BTI_KERNEL)
+ bti j /* ftrace_dummy_tramp is called via "br x10" */
+#endif
+ mov x10, x30
+ mov x30, x9
+ ret x10
+SYM_FUNC_END(ftrace_dummy_tramp)
+#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS */
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c
index ea5dc7c90f46..85d65dd7c71b 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c
@@ -77,6 +77,123 @@ static struct plt_entry *get_ftrace_plt(struct module *mod, unsigned long addr)
return NULL;
}
+enum ftrace_callsite_action {
+ FC_INIT,
+ FC_REMOVE_CALL,
+ FC_ADD_CALL,
+ FC_REPLACE_CALL,
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS
+
+/*
+ * When func is 8-byte aligned, literal_call is located at func - 8 and literal
+ * is located at func - 16:
+ *
+ * NOP
+ * literal:
+ * .quad ftrace_dummy_tramp
+ * literal_call:
+ * LDR X16, literal
+ * BR X16
+ * func:
+ * BTI C // if BTI
+ * MOV X9, LR
+ * NOP
+ *
+ * When func is not 8-byte aligned, literal_call is located at func - 8 and
+ * literal is located at func - 20:
+ *
+ * literal:
+ * .quad ftrace_dummy_tramp
+ * NOP
+ * literal_call:
+ * LDR X16, literal
+ * BR X16
+ * func:
+ * BTI C // if BTI
+ * MOV X9, LR
+ * NOP
+ */
+
+static unsigned long ftrace_literal_call_addr(struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
+{
+ return rec->arch.func - 2 * AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
+}
+
+static unsigned long ftrace_literal_addr(struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
+{
+ unsigned long addr = 0;
+
+ addr = ftrace_literal_call_addr(rec);
+ if (addr % sizeof(long))
+ addr -= 3 * AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
+ else
+ addr -= 2 * AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
+
+ return addr;
+}
+
+static void ftrace_update_literal(unsigned long literal_addr, unsigned long call_target,
+ int action)
+{
+ unsigned long dummy_tramp = (unsigned long)&ftrace_dummy_tramp;
+
+ if (action == FC_INIT || action == FC_REMOVE_CALL)
+ aarch64_literal64_write((void *)literal_addr, dummy_tramp);
+ else if (action == FC_ADD_CALL)
+ aarch64_literal64_write((void *)literal_addr, call_target);
+}
+
+static int ftrace_init_literal(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
+{
+ int ret;
+ u32 old, new;
+ unsigned long addr;
+ unsigned long pc = rec->ip - AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
+
+ old = aarch64_insn_gen_nop();
+
+ addr = ftrace_literal_addr(rec);
+ ftrace_update_literal(addr, 0, FC_INIT);
+
+ pc = ftrace_literal_call_addr(rec);
+ new = aarch64_insn_gen_load_literal(pc, addr, AARCH64_INSN_REG_16,
+ true);
+ ret = ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, true);
+ if (ret)
+ return ret;
+
+ pc += AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
+ new = aarch64_insn_gen_branch_reg(AARCH64_INSN_REG_16,
+ AARCH64_INSN_BRANCH_NOLINK);
+ return ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, true);
+}
+
+#else
+
+static unsigned long ftrace_literal_addr(struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static unsigned long ftrace_literal_call_addr(struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static void ftrace_update_literal(unsigned long literal_addr, unsigned long call_target,
+ int action)
+{
+}
+
+static int ftrace_init_literal(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS */
+
/*
* Find the address the callsite must branch to in order to reach '*addr'.
*
@@ -88,7 +205,8 @@ static struct plt_entry *get_ftrace_plt(struct module *mod, unsigned long addr)
*/
static bool ftrace_find_callable_addr(struct dyn_ftrace *rec,
struct module *mod,
- unsigned long *addr)
+ unsigned long *addr,
+ int action)
{
unsigned long pc = rec->ip;
long offset = (long)*addr - (long)pc;
@@ -101,6 +219,15 @@ static bool ftrace_find_callable_addr(struct dyn_ftrace *rec,
if (offset >= -SZ_128M && offset < SZ_128M)
return true;
+ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS)) {
+ unsigned long literal_addr;
+
+ literal_addr = ftrace_literal_addr(rec);
+ ftrace_update_literal(literal_addr, *addr, action);
+ *addr = ftrace_literal_call_addr(rec);
+ return true;
+ }
+
/*
* When the target is outside of the range of a 'BL' instruction, we
* must use a PLT to reach it. We can only place PLTs for modules, and
@@ -145,7 +272,7 @@ int ftrace_make_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long addr)
unsigned long pc = rec->ip;
u32 old, new;
- if (!ftrace_find_callable_addr(rec, NULL, &addr))
+ if (!ftrace_find_callable_addr(rec, NULL, &addr, FC_ADD_CALL))
return -EINVAL;
old = aarch64_insn_gen_nop();
@@ -161,9 +288,9 @@ int ftrace_modify_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long old_addr,
unsigned long pc = rec->ip;
u32 old, new;
- if (!ftrace_find_callable_addr(rec, NULL, &old_addr))
+ if (!ftrace_find_callable_addr(rec, NULL, &old_addr, FC_REPLACE_CALL))
return -EINVAL;
- if (!ftrace_find_callable_addr(rec, NULL, &addr))
+ if (!ftrace_find_callable_addr(rec, NULL, &addr, FC_ADD_CALL))
return -EINVAL;
old = aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm(pc, old_addr,
@@ -188,18 +315,26 @@ int ftrace_modify_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long old_addr,
* | NOP | MOV X9, LR | MOV X9, LR |
* | NOP | NOP | BL <entry> |
*
- * The LR value will be recovered by ftrace_regs_entry, and restored into LR
- * before returning to the regular function prologue. When a function is not
- * being traced, the MOV is not harmful given x9 is not live per the AAPCS.
+ * The LR value will be recovered by ftrace_regs_entry or custom trampoline,
+ * and restored into LR before returning to the regular function prologue.
+ * When a function is not being traced, the MOV is not harmful given x9 is
+ * not live per the AAPCS.
*
* Note: ftrace_process_locs() has pre-adjusted rec->ip to be the address of
* the BL.
*/
int ftrace_init_nop(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
{
+ int ret;
unsigned long pc = rec->ip - AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
u32 old, new;
+ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS)) {
+ ret = ftrace_init_literal(mod, rec);
+ if (ret)
+ return ret;
+ }
+
old = aarch64_insn_gen_nop();
new = aarch64_insn_gen_move_reg(AARCH64_INSN_REG_9,
AARCH64_INSN_REG_LR,
@@ -208,6 +343,45 @@ int ftrace_init_nop(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
}
#endif
+unsigned long ftrace_call_adjust(unsigned long addr)
+{
+ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS)) {
+ u32 insn;
+ u32 nop = aarch64_insn_gen_nop();
+
+ /* Skip the first 5 NOPS */
+ addr += 5 * AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
+
+ if (aarch64_insn_read((void *)addr, &insn))
+ return 0;
+
+ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ARM64_BTI_KERNEL)) {
+ if (insn != nop) {
+ addr += AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
+ if (aarch64_insn_read((void *)addr, &insn))
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (WARN_ON_ONCE(insn != nop))
+ return 0;
+
+ return addr + AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
+ } else if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS)) {
+ /*
+ * Adjust addr to point at the BL in the callsite.
+ * See ftrace_init_nop() for the callsite sequence.
+ */
+ return addr + AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * addr is the address of the mcount call instruction.
+ * recordmcount does the necessary offset calculation.
+ */
+ return addr;
+}
+
/*
* Turn off the call to ftrace_caller() in instrumented function
*/
@@ -217,7 +391,7 @@ int ftrace_make_nop(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec,
unsigned long pc = rec->ip;
u32 old = 0, new;
- if (!ftrace_find_callable_addr(rec, mod, &addr))
+ if (!ftrace_find_callable_addr(rec, mod, &addr, FC_REMOVE_CALL))
return -EINVAL;
old = aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm(pc, addr, AARCH64_INSN_BRANCH_LINK);
@@ -231,6 +405,14 @@ void arch_ftrace_update_code(int command)
command |= FTRACE_MAY_SLEEP;
ftrace_modify_all_code(command);
}
+
+void __init ftrace_rec_arch_init(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long func)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_DIRECT_CALLS
+ rec->arch.func = func + 5 * AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
+#endif
+}
+
#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE */
#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/patching.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/patching.c
index 33e0fabc0b79..3a4326c1ca80 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/patching.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/patching.c
@@ -83,6 +83,20 @@ static int __kprobes __aarch64_insn_write(void *addr, __le32 insn)
return ret;
}
+void __kprobes aarch64_literal64_write(void *addr, u64 data)
+{
+ u64 *waddr;
+ unsigned long flags = 0;
+
+ raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&patch_lock, flags);
+ waddr = patch_map(addr, FIX_TEXT_POKE0);
+
+ WRITE_ONCE(*waddr, data);
+
+ patch_unmap(FIX_TEXT_POKE0);
+ raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&patch_lock, flags);
+}
+
int __kprobes aarch64_insn_write(void *addr, u32 insn)
{
return __aarch64_insn_write(addr, cpu_to_le32(insn));
diff --git a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
index 34d78ca16beb..e42955b78174 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
@@ -625,6 +625,9 @@ static int emit_ll_sc_atomic(const struct bpf_insn *insn, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
return 0;
}
+#ifdef ftrace_dummy_tramp
+#define dummy_tramp ftrace_dummy_tramp
+#else
void dummy_tramp(void);
asm (
@@ -641,6 +644,7 @@ asm (
" .size dummy_tramp, .-dummy_tramp\n"
" .popsection\n"
);
+#endif
/* build a plt initialized like this:
*
diff --git a/kernel/trace/ftrace.c b/kernel/trace/ftrace.c
index bc921a3f7ea8..c7c8fade89f2 100644
--- a/kernel/trace/ftrace.c
+++ b/kernel/trace/ftrace.c
@@ -6664,6 +6664,11 @@ static void test_is_sorted(unsigned long *start, unsigned long count)
}
#endif
+void __init __weak ftrace_rec_arch_init(struct dyn_ftrace *rec,
+ unsigned long addr)
+{
+}
+
static int ftrace_process_locs(struct module *mod,
unsigned long *start,
unsigned long *end)
@@ -6726,7 +6731,9 @@ static int ftrace_process_locs(struct module *mod,
pg = start_pg;
while (p < end) {
unsigned long end_offset;
- addr = ftrace_call_adjust(*p++);
+ unsigned long nop_addr = *p++;
+
+ addr = ftrace_call_adjust(nop_addr);
/*
* Some architecture linkers will pad between
* the different mcount_loc sections of different
@@ -6746,6 +6753,7 @@ static int ftrace_process_locs(struct module *mod,
rec = &pg->records[pg->index++];
rec->ip = addr;
+ ftrace_rec_arch_init(rec, nop_addr);
}
/* We should have used all pages */
--
2.30.2
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