[RFC Patch 0/7] kernel: Introduce multikernel architecture support

[Cong Wang]

On Fri, Sep 26, 2025 at 2:01 AM Jarkko Sakkinen <jarkko at kernel.org> wrote:
>
> On Thu, Sep 18, 2025 at 03:25:59PM -0700, Cong Wang wrote:
> > This patch series introduces multikernel architecture support, enabling
> > multiple independent kernel instances to coexist and communicate on a
> > single physical machine. Each kernel instance can run on dedicated CPU
> > cores while sharing the underlying hardware resources.
> >
> > The multikernel architecture provides several key benefits:
> > - Improved fault isolation between different workloads
> > - Enhanced security through kernel-level separation
> > - Better resource utilization than traditional VM (KVM, Xen etc.)
> > - Potential zero-down kernel update with KHO (Kernel Hand Over)
>
> This list is like asking AI to list benefits, or like the whole cover
> letter has that type of feel.

Sorry for giving you that feeling. Please let me know how I can
improve it for you.

>
> I'd probably work on benchmarks and other types of tests that can
> deliver comparative figures, and show data that addresses workloads
> with KVM, namespaces/cgroups and this, reflecting these qualities.

Sure, I think performance comes after usability, not vice versa.


>
> E.g. consider "Enhanced security through kernel-level separation".
> It's a pre-existing feature probably since dawn of time. Any new layer
> makes obviously more complex version "kernel-level separation". You'd
> had to prove that this even more complex version is more secure than
> pre-existing science.

Apologize for this. Do you mind explaining why this is more complex
than the KVM/Qemu/vhost/virtio/VDPA stack?

>
> kexec and its various corner cases and how this patch set addresses
> them is the part where I'm most lost.

Sorry for that. I will post Youtube videos to explain kexec in detail,
please follow our Youtube channel if you are interested. (I don't
want to post a link here in case people think I am promoting my
own interest, please email me privately.)

>
> If I look at one of multikernel distros (I don't know any other
> tbh) that I know it's really VT-d and that type of hardware
> enforcement that make Qubes shine:
>
> https://www.qubes-os.org/
>
> That said, I did not look how/if this is using CPU virtualization
> features as part of the solution, so correct me if I'm wrong.

Qubes OS is based on Xen:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubes_OS

>
> I'm not entirely sure whether this is aimed to be alternative to
> namespaces/cgroups or vms but more in the direction of Solaris Zones
> would be imho better alternative at least for containers because
> it saves the overhead of an extra kernel. There's also a patch set
> for this:
>
> https://lwn.net/Articles/780364/?ref=alian.info

Solaris Zones also share a single kernel. Or maybe I guess
you meant Kernel Zones? Isn't it a justification for our multikernel
approach for Linux? :-)

BTW, it is less flexible since it completely isolates kernels
without inter-kernel communication. With our design, you can
still choose not to use inter-kernel IPI's, which turns dynamic
into static.

>
> VM barrier combined with IOMMU is pretty strong and hardware
> enforced, and with polished configuration it can be fairly
> performant (e.g. via page cache bypass and stuff like that)
> so really the overhead that this is fighting against is
> context switch overhead.
>
> In security I don't believe this has any realistic chances to
> win over VMs and IOMMU...

I appreciate you sharing your opinions. I hope my information
helps.

Regards,
Cong Wang