[PATCH 1/2] RISC-V: Probe for unaligned access speed

[Jessica Clarke]

On 23 Jun 2023, at 23:20, Evan Green <evan at rivosinc.com> wrote:
> 
> Rather than deferring misaligned access speed determinations to a vendor
> function, let's probe them and find out how fast they are. If we
> determine that a misaligned word access is faster than N byte accesses,
> mark the hardware's misaligned access as "fast".

How sure are you that your measurements can be extrapolated and aren’t
an artefact of the testing process? For example, off the top of my head:

* The first run will potentially be penalised by data cache misses,
  untrained prefetchers, TLB misses, branch predictors, etc. compared
  with later runs. You have one warmup, but who knows how many
  iterations it will take to converge?

* The code being benchmarked isn’t the code being run, so differences
  in access patterns, loop unrolling, loop alignment, etc. may cause the
  real code to behave differently (and perhaps change which is better).

The non-determinism that could in theory result from this also seems
like a not great idea to have.

Jess

> Fix the documentation as well to reflect this bar. Previously the only
> SoC that returned "fast" was the THead C906. The change to the
> documentation is more a clarification, since the C906 is fast in the
> sense of the corrected documentation.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Evan Green <evan at rivosinc.com>
> ---
> 
> Documentation/riscv/hwprobe.rst     |  8 +--
> arch/riscv/include/asm/cpufeature.h |  2 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/Makefile          |  1 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/copy-noalign.S    | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> arch/riscv/kernel/copy-noalign.h    | 13 +++++
> arch/riscv/kernel/cpufeature.c      | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> arch/riscv/kernel/smpboot.c         |  2 +
> 7 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/copy-noalign.S
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/copy-noalign.h
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/riscv/hwprobe.rst b/Documentation/riscv/hwprobe.rst
> index 19165ebd82ba..710325751766 100644
> --- a/Documentation/riscv/hwprobe.rst
> +++ b/Documentation/riscv/hwprobe.rst
> @@ -88,12 +88,12 @@ The following keys are defined:
>     always extremely slow.
> 
>   * :c:macro:`RISCV_HWPROBE_MISALIGNED_SLOW`: Misaligned accesses are supported
> -    in hardware, but are slower than the cooresponding aligned accesses
> -    sequences.
> +    in hardware, but are slower than N byte accesses, where N is the native
> +    word size.
> 
>   * :c:macro:`RISCV_HWPROBE_MISALIGNED_FAST`: Misaligned accesses are supported
> -    in hardware and are faster than the cooresponding aligned accesses
> -    sequences.
> +    in hardware and are faster than N byte accesses, where N is the native
> +    word size.
> 
>   * :c:macro:`RISCV_HWPROBE_MISALIGNED_UNSUPPORTED`: Misaligned accesses are
>     not supported at all and will generate a misaligned address fault.
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/cpufeature.h b/arch/riscv/include/asm/cpufeature.h
> index 23fed53b8815..b8e917176616 100644
> --- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/cpufeature.h
> +++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/cpufeature.h
> @@ -30,4 +30,6 @@ DECLARE_PER_CPU(long, misaligned_access_speed);
> /* Per-cpu ISA extensions. */
> extern struct riscv_isainfo hart_isa[NR_CPUS];
> 
> +void check_misaligned_access(int cpu);
> +
> #endif
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/Makefile b/arch/riscv/kernel/Makefile
> index a42951911067..f934d7ab7840 100644
> --- a/arch/riscv/kernel/Makefile
> +++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/Makefile
> @@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ extra-y += vmlinux.lds
> obj-y += head.o
> obj-y += soc.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_RISCV_ALTERNATIVE) += alternative.o
> +obj-y += copy-noalign.o
> obj-y += cpu.o
> obj-y += cpufeature.o
> obj-y += entry.o
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/copy-noalign.S b/arch/riscv/kernel/copy-noalign.S
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..3807fc2324b2
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/copy-noalign.S
> @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
> +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
> +/* Copyright (C) 2023 Rivos Inc. */
> +
> +#include <linux/linkage.h>
> +#include <asm/asm.h>
> +
> + .text
> +
> +/* void __copy_words_unaligned(void *, const void *, size_t) */
> +/* Performs a memcpy without aligning buffers, using word loads and stores. */
> +/* Note: The size is truncated to a multiple of 8 * SZREG */
> +ENTRY(__copy_words_unaligned)
> + andi a4, a2, ~((8*SZREG)-1)
> + beqz a4, 2f
> + add a3, a1, a4
> +1:
> + REG_L a4,       0(a1)
> + REG_L a5,   SZREG(a1)
> + REG_L a6, 2*SZREG(a1)
> + REG_L a7, 3*SZREG(a1)
> + REG_L t0, 4*SZREG(a1)
> + REG_L t1, 5*SZREG(a1)
> + REG_L t2, 6*SZREG(a1)
> + REG_L t3, 7*SZREG(a1)
> + REG_S a4,       0(a0)
> + REG_S a5,   SZREG(a0)
> + REG_S a6, 2*SZREG(a0)
> + REG_S a7, 3*SZREG(a0)
> + REG_S t0, 4*SZREG(a0)
> + REG_S t1, 5*SZREG(a0)
> + REG_S t2, 6*SZREG(a0)
> + REG_S t3, 7*SZREG(a0)
> + addi a0, a0, 8*SZREG
> + addi a1, a1, 8*SZREG
> + bltu a1, a3, 1b
> +
> +2:
> + ret
> +END(__copy_words_unaligned)
> +
> +/* void __copy_bytes_unaligned(void *, const void *, size_t) */
> +/* Performs a memcpy without aligning buffers, using only byte accesses. */
> +/* Note: The size is truncated to a multiple of 8 */
> +ENTRY(__copy_bytes_unaligned)
> + andi a4, a2, ~(8-1)
> + beqz a4, 2f
> + add a3, a1, a4
> +1:
> + lb a4, 0(a1)
> + lb a5, 1(a1)
> + lb a6, 2(a1)
> + lb a7, 3(a1)
> + lb t0, 4(a1)
> + lb t1, 5(a1)
> + lb t2, 6(a1)
> + lb t3, 7(a1)
> + sb a4, 0(a0)
> + sb a5, 1(a0)
> + sb a6, 2(a0)
> + sb a7, 3(a0)
> + sb t0, 4(a0)
> + sb t1, 5(a0)
> + sb t2, 6(a0)
> + sb t3, 7(a0)
> + addi a0, a0, 8
> + addi a1, a1, 8
> + bltu a1, a3, 1b
> +
> +2:
> + ret
> +END(__copy_bytes_unaligned)
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/copy-noalign.h b/arch/riscv/kernel/copy-noalign.h
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..99fbb9c763e0
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/copy-noalign.h
> @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
> +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
> +/*
> + * Copyright (C) 2023 Rivos, Inc.
> + */
> +#ifndef __RISCV_KERNEL_COPY_NOALIGN_H
> +#define __RISCV_KERNEL_COPY_NOALIGN_H
> +
> +#include <linux/types.h>
> +
> +void __copy_words_unaligned(void *dst, const void *src, size_t size);
> +void __copy_bytes_unaligned(void *dst, const void *src, size_t size);
> +
> +#endif /* __RISCV_KERNEL_COPY_NOALIGN_H */
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/cpufeature.c b/arch/riscv/kernel/cpufeature.c
> index bdcf460ea53d..3f7200dcc00c 100644
> --- a/arch/riscv/kernel/cpufeature.c
> +++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/cpufeature.c
> @@ -19,11 +19,21 @@
> #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
> #include <asm/cpufeature.h>
> #include <asm/hwcap.h>
> +#include <asm/hwprobe.h>
> #include <asm/patch.h>
> #include <asm/processor.h>
> #include <asm/vector.h>
> 
> +#include "copy-noalign.h"
> +
> #define NUM_ALPHA_EXTS ('z' - 'a' + 1)
> +#define MISALIGNED_ACCESS_JIFFIES_LG2 1
> +#define MISALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE 0x4000
> +#define MISALIGNED_COPY_SIZE ((MISALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE / 2) - 0x80)
> +
> +#define MISALIGNED_COPY_MBS(_count) \
> + ((HZ * (_count) * MISALIGNED_COPY_SIZE) >> \
> + (20 + MISALIGNED_ACCESS_JIFFIES_LG2))
> 
> unsigned long elf_hwcap __read_mostly;
> 
> @@ -396,6 +406,74 @@ unsigned long riscv_get_elf_hwcap(void)
> return hwcap;
> }
> 
> +void check_misaligned_access(int cpu)
> +{
> + unsigned long j0, j1;
> + struct page *page;
> + void *dst;
> + void *src;
> + long word_copies = 0;
> + long byte_copies = 0;
> + long speed = RISCV_HWPROBE_MISALIGNED_SLOW;
> +
> + page = alloc_pages(GFP_NOWAIT, get_order(MISALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE));
> + if (!page) {
> + pr_warn("Can't alloc pages to measure memcpy performance");
> + return;
> + }
> +
> + /* Make a misaligned destination buffer. */
> + dst = (void *)((unsigned long)page_address(page) | 0x1);
> + /* Misalign src as well, but differently (off by 1 + 2 = 3). */
> + src = dst + (MISALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE / 2);
> + src += 2;
> + /* Do a warmup. */
> + __copy_words_unaligned(dst, src, MISALIGNED_COPY_SIZE);
> + preempt_disable();
> + j0 = jiffies;
> + while ((j1 = jiffies) == j0)
> + cpu_relax();
> +
> + while (time_before(jiffies,
> +   j1 + (1 << MISALIGNED_ACCESS_JIFFIES_LG2))) {
> +
> + __copy_words_unaligned(dst, src, MISALIGNED_COPY_SIZE);
> + word_copies += 1;
> + }
> +
> + __copy_bytes_unaligned(dst, src, MISALIGNED_COPY_SIZE);
> + j0 = jiffies;
> + while ((j1 = jiffies) == j0)
> + cpu_relax();
> +
> + while (time_before(jiffies,
> +   j1 + (1 << MISALIGNED_ACCESS_JIFFIES_LG2))) {
> + __copy_bytes_unaligned(dst, src, MISALIGNED_COPY_SIZE);
> + byte_copies += 1;
> + }
> +
> + preempt_enable();
> + if (word_copies >= byte_copies)
> + speed = RISCV_HWPROBE_MISALIGNED_FAST;
> +
> + pr_info("cpu%d: Unaligned word copy %ld MB/s, byte copy %ld MB/s, misaligned accesses are %s\n",
> + cpu,
> + MISALIGNED_COPY_MBS(word_copies),
> + MISALIGNED_COPY_MBS(byte_copies),
> + (speed == RISCV_HWPROBE_MISALIGNED_FAST) ? "fast" : "slow");
> +
> + per_cpu(misaligned_access_speed, cpu) = speed;
> + __free_pages(page, get_order(MISALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE));
> +}
> +
> +static int check_misaligned_access0(void)
> +{
> + check_misaligned_access(0);
> + return 0;
> +}
> +
> +arch_initcall(check_misaligned_access0);
> +
> #ifdef CONFIG_RISCV_ALTERNATIVE
> /*
>  * Alternative patch sites consider 48 bits when determining when to patch
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/smpboot.c b/arch/riscv/kernel/smpboot.c
> index bb0b76e1a6d4..e34a71b4786b 100644
> --- a/arch/riscv/kernel/smpboot.c
> +++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/smpboot.c
> @@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
> #include <linux/sched/task_stack.h>
> #include <linux/sched/mm.h>
> #include <asm/cpu_ops.h>
> +#include <asm/cpufeature.h>
> #include <asm/irq.h>
> #include <asm/mmu_context.h>
> #include <asm/numa.h>
> @@ -244,6 +245,7 @@ asmlinkage __visible void smp_callin(void)
> notify_cpu_starting(curr_cpuid);
> numa_add_cpu(curr_cpuid);
> set_cpu_online(curr_cpuid, 1);
> + check_misaligned_access(curr_cpuid);
> probe_vendor_features(curr_cpuid);
> 
> if (has_vector()) {
> -- 
> 2.34.1
> 
> 
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