[PATCH bpf-next 0/4] bpf: tailcall: Eliminate max_entries and bpf_func access at runtime

[Jiri Olsa]

On Wed, Jan 14, 2026 at 08:04:38AM -0800, Alexei Starovoitov wrote:
> On Wed, Jan 14, 2026 at 3:28 AM Jiri Olsa <olsajiri at gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> > On Fri, Jan 02, 2026 at 04:10:01PM -0800, Alexei Starovoitov wrote:
> > > On Fri, Jan 2, 2026 at 7:01 AM Leon Hwang <leon.hwang at linux.dev> wrote:
> > > >
> > > > This patch series optimizes BPF tail calls on x86_64 and arm64 by
> > > > eliminating runtime memory accesses for max_entries and 'prog->bpf_func'
> > > > when the prog array map is known at verification time.
> > > >
> > > > Currently, every tail call requires:
> > > >   1. Loading max_entries from the prog array map
> > > >   2. Dereferencing 'prog->bpf_func' to get the target address
> > > >
> > > > This series introduces a mechanism to precompute and cache the tail call
> > > > target addresses (bpf_func + prologue_offset) in the prog array itself:
> > > >   array->ptrs[max_entries + index] = prog->bpf_func + prologue_offset
> > > >
> > > > When a program is added to or removed from the prog array, the cached
> > > > target is atomically updated via xchg().
> > > >
> > > > The verifier now encodes additional information in the tail call
> > > > instruction's imm field:
> > > >   - bits 0-7:   map index in used_maps[]
> > > >   - bits 8-15:  dynamic array flag (1 if map pointer is poisoned)
> > > >   - bits 16-31: poke table index + 1 for direct tail calls
> > > >
> > > > For static tail calls (map known at verification time):
> > > >   - max_entries is embedded as an immediate in the comparison instruction
> > > >   - The cached target from array->ptrs[max_entries + index] is used
> > > >     directly, avoiding the 'prog->bpf_func' dereference
> > > >
> > > > For dynamic tail calls (map pointer poisoned):
> > > >   - Fall back to runtime lookup of max_entries and prog->bpf_func
> > > >
> > > > This reduces cache misses and improves tail call performance for the
> > > > common case where the prog array is statically known.
> > >
> > > Sorry, I don't like this. tail_calls are complex enough and
> > > I'd rather let them be as-is and deprecate their usage altogether
> > > instead of trying to optimize them in certain conditions.
> > > We have indirect jumps now. The next step is indirect calls.
> > > When it lands there will be no need to use tail_calls.
> > > Consider tail_calls to be legacy. No reason to improve them.
> >
> > hi,
> > I'd like to make tail calls available in sleepable programs. I still
> > need to check if there's technical reason we don't have that, but seeing
> > this answer I wonder you'd be against that anyway ?
> 
> tail_calls are not allowed in sleepable progs?
> I don't remember such a limitation.
> What prevents it?
> prog_type needs to match, so all sleepable progs should be fine.

right, that's what we have, tail-called uprobe programs that we
need to become sleepable

> The mix and match is problematic due to rcu vs srcu life times.
> 
> > fyi I briefly discussed that with Andrii indicating that it might not
> > be worth the effort at this stage.
> 
> depending on complexity of course.

for my tests I just had to allow BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY map
for sleepable programs

jirka


---
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
index faa1ecc1fe9d..1f6fc74c7ea1 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
@@ -20969,6 +20969,7 @@ static int check_map_prog_compatibility(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 		case BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK:
 		case BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARENA:
 		case BPF_MAP_TYPE_INSN_ARRAY:
+		case BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY:
 			break;
 		default:
 			verbose(env,