Deprecating and removing SLOB
Vlastimil Babka
vbabka at suse.cz
Wed Nov 16 09:51:19 PST 2022
On 11/15/22 05:24, Damien Le Moal wrote:
> On 11/14/22 23:47, Hyeonggon Yoo wrote:
>> On Mon, Nov 14, 2022 at 08:35:31PM +0900, Damien Le Moal wrote:
>>> On 11/14/22 18:36, Vlastimil Babka wrote:
>>>> On 11/14/22 06:48, Damien Le Moal wrote:
>>>>> On 11/14/22 10:55, Damien Le Moal wrote:
>>>>>> On 11/12/22 05:46, Conor Dooley wrote:
>>>>>>> On Fri, Nov 11, 2022 at 11:33:30AM +0100, Vlastimil Babka wrote:
>>>>>>>> On 11/8/22 22:44, Pasha Tatashin wrote:
>>>>>>>>> On Tue, Nov 8, 2022 at 10:55 AM Vlastimil Babka <vbabka at suse.cz> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Hi,
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> as we all know, we currently have three slab allocators. As we discussed
>>>>>>>>>> at LPC [1], it is my hope that one of these allocators has a future, and
>>>>>>>>>> two of them do not.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> The unsurprising reasons include code maintenance burden, other features
>>>>>>>>>> compatible with only a subset of allocators (or more effort spent on the
>>>>>>>>>> features), blocking API improvements (more on that below), and my
>>>>>>>>>> inability to pronounce SLAB and SLUB in a properly distinguishable way,
>>>>>>>>>> without resorting to spelling out the letters.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> I think (but may be proven wrong) that SLOB is the easier target of the
>>>>>>>>>> two to be removed, so I'd like to focus on it first.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> I believe SLOB can be removed because:
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> - AFAIK nobody really uses it? It strives for minimal memory footprint
>>>>>>>>>> by putting all objects together, which has its CPU performance costs
>>>>>>>>>> (locking, lack of percpu caching, searching for free space...). I'm not
>>>>>>>>>> aware of any "tiny linux" deployment that opts for this. For example,
>>>>>>>>>> OpenWRT seems to use SLUB and the devices these days have e.g. 128MB
>>>>>>>>>> RAM, not up to 16 MB anymore. I've heard anecdotes that the performance
>>>>>>>>>> SLOB impact is too much for those who tried. Googling for
>>>>>>>>>> "CONFIG_SLOB=y" yielded nothing useful.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> I am all for removing SLOB.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> There are some devices with configs where SLOB is enabled by default.
>>>>>>>>> Perhaps, the owners/maintainers of those devices/configs should be
>>>>>>>>> included into this thread:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> tatashin at soleen:~/x/linux$ git grep SLOB=y
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> arch/riscv/configs/nommu_k210_defconfig:CONFIG_SLOB=y
>>>>>>>>> arch/riscv/configs/nommu_k210_sdcard_defconfig:CONFIG_SLOB=y
>>>>>>>>> arch/riscv/configs/nommu_virt_defconfig:CONFIG_SLOB=y
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Turns out that since SLOB depends on EXPERT, many of those lack it so
>>>>>>>> running make defconfig ends up with SLUB anyway, unless I miss something.
>>>>>>>> Only a subset has both SLOB and EXPERT:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> git grep CONFIG_EXPERT `git grep -l "CONFIG_SLOB=y"`
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> arch/riscv/configs/nommu_virt_defconfig:CONFIG_EXPERT=y
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I suppose there's not really a concern with the virt defconfig, but I
>>>>>>> did check the output of `make nommu_k210_defconfig" and despite not
>>>>>>> having expert it seems to end up CONFIG_SLOB=y in the generated .config.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I do have a board with a k210 so I checked with s/SLOB/SLUB and it still
>>>>>>> boots etc, but I have no workloads or w/e to run on it.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I sent a patch to change the k210 defconfig to using SLUB. However...
>>>>
>>>> Thanks!
>>>>
>>>>>> The current default config using SLOB gives about 630 free memory pages
>>>>>> after boot (cat /proc/vmstat). Switching to SLUB, this is down to about
>>>>>> 400 free memory pages (CONFIG_SLUB_CPU_PARTIAL is off).
>>>>
>>>> Thanks for the testing! How much RAM does the system have btw? I found 8MB
>>>> somewhere, is that correct?
>>>
>>> Yep, 8MB, that's it.
>>>
>>>> So 230 pages that's a ~920 kB difference. Last time we saw less dramatic
>>>> difference [1]. But that was looking at Slab pages, not free pages. The
>>>> extra overhead could be also in percpu allocations, code etc.
>>>>
>>>>>> This is with a buildroot kernel 5.19 build including a shell and sd-card
>>>>>> boot. With SLUB, I get clean boots and a shell prompt as expected. But I
>>>>>> definitely see more errors with shell commands failing due to allocation
>>>>>> failures for the shell process fork. So as far as the K210 is concerned,
>>>>>> switching to SLUB is not ideal.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I would not want to hold on kernel mm improvements because of this toy
>>>>>> k210 though, so I am not going to prevent SLOB deprecation. I just wish
>>>>>> SLUB itself used less memory :)
>>>>>
>>>>> Did further tests with kernel 6.0.1:
>>>>> * SLOB: 630 free pages after boot, shell working (occasional shell fork
>>>>> failure happen though)
>>>>> * SLAB: getting memory allocation for order 7 failures on boot already
>>>>> (init process). Shell barely working (high frequency of shell command fork
>>>>> failures)
>>>
>>> I forgot to add here that the system was down to about 500 free pages
>>> after boot (again from the shell with "cat /proc/vmstat").
>>>
>>>>> * SLUB: getting memory allocation for order 7 failures on boot. I do get a
>>>>> shell prompt but cannot run any shell command that involves forking a new
>>>>> process.
>>>
>>> For both slab and slub, I had cpu partial off, debug off and slab merge
>>> on, as I suspected that would lead to less memory overhead.
>>> I suspected memory fragmentation may be an issue but doing
>>>
>>> echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
>>>
>>> before trying a shell command did not help much at all (it usually does on
>>> that board with SLOB). Note that this is all with buildroot, so this echo
>>> & redirect always works as it does not cause a shell fork.
>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> So if we want to keep the k210 support functional with a shell, we need
>>>>> slob. If we reduce that board support to only one application started as
>>>>> the init process, then I guess anything is OK.
>>>>
>>>> In [1] it was possible to save some more memory with more tuning. Some of
>>>> that required boot parameters and other code changes. In another reply [2] I
>>>> considered adding something like SLUB_TINY to take care of all that, so
>>>> looks like it would make sense to proceed with that.
>>>
>>> If you want me to test something, let me know.
>>
>> Would you try this please?
>>
>> diff --git a/mm/slub.c b/mm/slub.c
>> index a24b71041b26..1c36c4b9aaa0 100644
>> --- a/mm/slub.c
>> +++ b/mm/slub.c
>> @@ -4367,9 +4367,7 @@ static int kmem_cache_open(struct kmem_cache *s, slab_flags_t flags)
>> * The larger the object size is, the more slabs we want on the partial
>> * list to avoid pounding the page allocator excessively.
>> */
>> - s->min_partial = min_t(unsigned long, MAX_PARTIAL, ilog2(s->size) / 2);
>> - s->min_partial = max_t(unsigned long, MIN_PARTIAL, s->min_partial);
>> -
>> + s->min_partial = 0;
>> set_cpu_partial(s);
>>
>> #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
>>
>>
>> and booting with and without boot parameter slub_max_order=0?
>
> Test notes: I used Linus 6.1-rc5 as the base. That is the only thing I
> changed in buildroot default config for the sipeed maix bit card, booting
> with SD card. The test is: booting and run "cat /proc/vmstat" and register
> the nr_free_pages value. I repeated the boot + cat 3 to 4 times for each case.
>
> Here are the results:
>
> 6.1-rc5, SLOB:
> - 623 free pages
> - 629 free pages
> - 629 free pages
> 6.1-rc5, SLUB:
> - 448 free pages
> - 448 free pages
> - 429 free pages
> 6.1-rc5, SLUB + slub_max_order=0:
> - Init error, shell prompt but no shell command working
> - Init error, no shell prompt
> - 508 free pages
> - Init error, shell prompt but no shell command working
> 6.1-rc5, SLUB + patch:
> - Init error, shell prompt but no shell command working
> - 433 free pages
> - 448 free pages
> - 423 free pages
> 6.1-rc5, SLUB + slub_max_order=0 + patch:
> - Init error, no shell prompt
> - Init error, shell prompt, 499 free pages
> - Init error, shell prompt but no shell command working
> - Init error, no shell prompt
>
> No changes for SLOB results, expected.
>
> For default SLUB, I did get all clean boots this time and could run the
> cat command. But I do see shell fork failures if I keep running commands.
>
> For SLUB + slub_max_order=0, I only got one clean boot with 508 free
> pages. Remaining runs failed to give a shell prompt or allow running cat
> command. For the clean boot, I do see higher number of free pages.
>
> SLUB with the patch was nearly identical to SLUB without the patch.
>
> And SLUB+patch+slub_max_order=0 gave again a lot of errors/bad boot. I
> could run the cat command only once, giving 499 free pages, so better than
> regular SLUB. But it seems that the memory is more fragmented as
> allocations fail more often.
>
> Hope this helps. Let me know if you want to test something else.
Could you please try this branch with CONFIG_SLUB_TINY=y?
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vbabka/linux.git/log/?h=slub-tiny-v1r0
Seeing your results I didn't modify default slub_max_order by this new
CONFIG (yet?) so maybe after trying the default, trying then also with
manual slub_max_order=0 and slub_max_order=1 would be useful too. Otherwise
it should be all changes to lower SLUB memory footprint. Hopefully it will
be visible in the number of free pages. But if fragmentation is an issue, it
might not be enough. BTW, during boot there should be a line "Built X
zonelists, mobility grouping ..." can you grep for it and provide please, I
wonder if mobility grouping ends up being off or on on that system.
Thanks!
> Cheers.
>
More information about the linux-arm-kernel
mailing list